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OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the anatomy of haemorrhoids; differentiate internal from external haemorrhoids; describe the role of the anal sphincters in maintaining faecal continence.
2. State the aetiological factors in the development of haemorrhoids, including the roles of heredity, diet, pregnancy and occupation.
3. Describe the symptoms and complications of haemorrhoids.
4. Describe the physical examination of a patient with haemorrhoids, including proctoscopy.
5. Outline the principles of management of patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids including the role of non-operative management (stool softeners, pain relief) and more invasive (injection, banding) and operative management.
6. Describe symptoms and signs associated with perianal haematoma. Outline the management.